Newswise — Omega-3 fatty acids may lower the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal obese women, according to researchers. The protection likely comes from the fatty acids’ anti-inflammatory effects, said Dr. Andrea Manni, professor and division chief of endocrinology, diabetes and metabolism, Penn State College of Medicine. Obesity is a major breast cancer risk factor in postmenopausal women, and scientists believe increased inflammation is an important underlying cause in this population. “Omega-3 fatty acids have an anti-inflammatory effect, so that’s one of the reasons why we suspected it may be particularly effective in obese women,” Manni said. Some epidemiological data supports the idea that omega-3s protect against breast cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent. Manni suspected that data from normal-weight women obscured the results. Normal-weight women have less inflammation than heavier women, and are therefore less likely to benefit from anti-inflammatory omega-3s, he said. To tease apart the effects, Manni’s team, working alongside researchers from Emory University and Colorado State University, looked at the influence of prescription omega-3 supplementation on breast density in different weight women. Breast density is a well-established biomarker for breast cancer risk, and may be an independent risk factor, as well. “The higher the breast density, the more likely the woman will develop breast cancer,” Manni said. The study included 266 healthy postmenopausal women with high breast density detected by routine mammograms. The women either received no treatment, the antiestrogen drug Raloxifene, the prescription omega-3 drug Lovaza or a combination of the two drugs. At the conclusion of the two-year study, the researchers found that increasing levels of omega-3 in the blood were associated with reduced breast density—but only in women with a body mass index above 29, bordering on obesity. Although Lovaza contains both of the fatty acids DHA — 375 milligrams — and EPA — 465 milligrams, only DHA blood levels were associated with breast density reduction. The researchers plan to test the effect of DHA alone in obese subjects, potentially in combination with weight loss, in a future trial. “The finding supports the idea that omega-3s, and specifically DHA, are preferentially protective in obese postmenopausal women,” Manni said. “This represents an example of a personalized approach to breast cancer prevention.” These findings may help to support future research looking at the direct effect of omega-3 supplementation on breast cancer incidence in obese women. Manni added that, with obesity-related cancers on the rise, the findings could have implications beyond breast cancer. The researchers also made a secondary discovery. Lovaza is an omega-3 drug FDA-approved for the treatment of severe high triglycerides at the dose of 4 milligrams daily. In the current study, the combination of Lovaza and a half recommended dose of Raloxifene at 30 milligrams, was superior to the individual treatments in reducing triglycerides and LDL — “bad” — cholesterol and increasing HDL — “good” — cholesterol. Other investigators on this project were Narinder Sandhu and Carina Signori, Department of Medicine; Susann E. Schetter, Department of Radiology; Jason Liao and Ana Calcagnotto, Department of Public Health Sciences; John P. Richie, Bogdan Prokopczyk and Neil Trushin, Department of Pharmacology; Cynthia DuBrock, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute; Christopher Hamilton and Laurence M. Demers, Department of Pathology; Cesar Aliaga and Karam El-Bayoumy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, all at Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Terryl J. Hartman, Emory University; and John McGinley and Henry J. Thompson, Colorado State University. Susan G. Komen for the Cure and Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute funded this research. GlaxoSmith Kline and Eli Lilly supplied Lovaza and Raloxifene, respectively. About Penn State College of Medicine Located on the campus of Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in Hershey, Pa., Penn State College of Medicine boasts a portfolio of nearly $82 million in funded research. Projects range from the development of artificial organs and advanced diagnostics to groundbreaking cancer treatments and understanding the fundamental causes of disease. Enrolling its first students in 1967, the College of Medicine has more than 1,600 students and trainees in medicine, nursing, the health professions and biomedical research on its campus.
This release describes the results of a study testing whether omega-3 fatty acids have a beneficial effect on reducing the risk of breast cancer in obese women by reducing the density of their breast tissue. Higher breast tissue density is recognized as a marker for increased breast cancer risk. The study involved a small group of women who received the omega-3 fatty acid, the omega-3 in tandem with a chemo-preventative drug Raloxifene, the drug alone, or no treatment at all. According to the release, at the end of two years, women considered obese (their body mass index — BMI — was greater than 29) showed a reduction in breast tissue density, which the researchers argued reduced their cancer risk. However, this is misleading. This finding is from a small subgroup of obese women within the already-small study. The main finding of the study — which is never even mentioned in the news release — is that the supplement had no impact on reducing high breast density whether taken alone or in tandem with Raloxifene. The release also omitted projected costs and harms of the prescription-only supplement used in the study.
The American Cancer Society predicts that 246,660 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women this year and that more than 40,000 women will die from this disease. Easy actions that women can take to prevent this disease, or at least reduce their risk of getting it, are of almost universal interest to the public. If it is shown that taking a readily available supplement like omega-3 fatty acids will reduce breast cancer risk in obese women, that’s information that will be of wide interest.
The release makes no mention of costs although omega-3 fatty acid supplements are readily available across the market. A quick web search shows that a month’s supply of Lovaza, the omega-3 fatty acid used in this study, will cost about $280 per month, or $3.360 a year, a hefty price for most Americans.
The headline states,”Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Lower Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Obese Women,” and the opening paragraph follows with basically the same statement. But nowhere in the release does it explain how much this supplement may lower a woman’s risk. It says that breast cancer density is a biomarker for breast cancer risk and that obese women taking the supplement had a reduction in tissue density after two years but no details to back up the claim. In stories and releases focusing on cancer risk, the public wants, and rightly deserves, real numbers so that they can make informed decisions. This release only offers a vague prediction of risk reduction. Lastly, the release states that the omega-3s “may lower” the cancer risk, but readers could just as easily conclude that it “may not” without more information.
This release fails to mention harms at any point and, while a widely consumed, readily available supplement like omega-3 fatty acids isn’t likely to cause major problems, it is not free from side effects that are worth mentioning. The research paper itself points to more than a half-dozen participants in the study who withdrew because of adverse effects including hot flushes, leg cramps and nausea. Readers rightly deserve to know possible negative impacts found in research studies.
The published research states that in the original study design, researchers didn’t find a difference in changes in breast density in any of the treatment arms.
In the overall cohort of healthy postmenopausal women, the administration of n-3FA (a combination of 1,860 mg of EPA and 1,500 mg of DHA daily) alone or in combination with the antiestrogen raloxifene did not reduce breast density, a well-established biomarker of breast cancer risk.
However, you’d never even know this from reading the news release, which presents the findings of a small subgroup as if they were the main results of the study. The significant result they found was only in women with a BMI greater than 29 (“using an adjusted statistical model, we show a significant negative correlation between plasma DHA breast density only in women with BMI > 29.”)
This is an important distinction since the original study was not powered based on distribution of BMI. If 20 percent of the sample was obese (BMI over 29) that would be about 10 subjects per arm of the study that were obese.The release falls short in at least two other simple descriptions of the research. First, it mentions that “the study included 266 healthy postmenopausal women” while the research paper clearly points out that only 214 women completed the clinical trial — something not addressed in the news release. Also, in its description of how the research was done, the release mentions that women were divided into four groups while in fact, they were separated into five groups. The release fails to mention two differing doses among the women receiving the drug Raloxifene.
There is one more concern regarding the release’s presentation of the study results. The researchers note in the manuscript that other trials have found that Raloxifene does not have an effect on breast density although it could have an effect on breast cancer risk.
The release doesn’t engage in disease-mongering.
The release does identify the funding sources for this research as well as the suppliers of the drugs used in this study so possible conflicts of interest are adequately addressed.
The release makes no mention of any other approaches to reducing the potential risk of developing breast cancer although some preventative actions are readily known and could have been included. These include limiting alcohol, not smoking, controlling weight, breast-feeding and exercising.
Since the focus of the research was on reducing risk by reducing breast density the most obvious alternative to taking omega-3 supplements is losing weight through diet.
The release notes that the omega-3 fatty acid supplement used in this study, Lovaza, is FDA approved and requires a prescription from a physician.
The release makes no evident claim of novelty. We’ll give it a pass for reinforcing in at least two places that the research builds on previous research and the understanding that highly dense breasts are associated with greater risk for breast cancer.
The release does not use any explicitly unjustifiable language. We do have concerns that the release suggests, particularly in the headline, that there’s a method that “may” reduce breast cancer risk but then fails to provide reasonably expected data to back up the claim.
Systematic, Criteria-Driven
Don’t believe everything you hear, kids.
“What in the world justifies rushing a 348-word story to publication on a Sunday without doing extra research and reporting? Just because a scientist said it? COVID-19 journalism that devolves to that level of dreck is dangerous.”
🔥👇 https://twitter.com/garyschwitzer/status/1268175065478320131
.@Reuters: why rush to publish a 348-word story claiming #COVID19 is losing potency without doing extra research and reporting? Just because a scientist said it? #COVID19 journalism that devolves to that level of dreck is dangerous. https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2020/06/reuters-report-is-another-classic-case-study-in-how-not-to-cover-covid-19-news/
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