Our Review Summary
Is it possible that medicine can detect silent heart disease and save lives with technology as reliable, safe—and apparently cheap–as the ultrafast CT calcium test described in this broadcast? It is a problem that has stumped researchers for a very long time.
The broadcast strikes several emotional chords in quick succession—the call to thwart America’s “ number one killer”; the “big headline” from a medical meeting announcing a “wake-up call” that we all “need”; the patient whose doctor said he was fine but was wrong—and the rosy dose of “minimal radiation” that just might have “saved his life”; the other patient who now has “peace of mind” because her test gave her a clean bill of health.
But the broadcast has little enthusiasm for thorny details of this test, also known as electron beam CT or EBCT:
– Evidence: The broadcast mentions none, randomized or otherwise.
– Sources: The broadcast’s scientific credibility rests on anecdotal reports of two patients and one physician-correspondent. An “n” of 2 is bad science. There is vague mention of a gathering of eminent cardiologists, but none appears.
– Harms: False-positives with this technology are legion, and hinting otherwise (“so this could be the key”) is misleading. The tests lead to additional legions of invasive and potentially harmful (and expensive) tests and procedures. False negatives are few, but they merit mention nonetheless.
– Benefits: The broadcast does not provide a quantitative estimate of potential benefits—a major omission. According to the American Heart Association, “No study has definitively demonstrated that screening with EBCT improves outcomes by reducing mortality or morbidity from [coronary artery disease].” The broadcast suggests that the test could help people with just one risk factor for heart disease. (“They need to hear about this.”) This contrasts with recommendations from the American Heart Association, which say that testing in people at low risk (or very high risk) is futile.
– Disease mongering. The broadcast teaches people to fear calcium in their arteries. Although there is good evidence showing an association between calcium scores and cardiovascular problems, the broadcast fails to point out that the test hasn’t been proven to reduce death or heart attacks.
– Treatment Options: the broadcast mentions none. The AHA statement points out that the ultrafast CT scan is “one of many contenders in a crowded field of CAD [coronary artery disease] risk-assessment tools.”
Criteria
Not Satisfactory
The broadcast does not mention the cost of this technology. “No study has demonstrated that EBCT reduces healthcare costs,” according to the American Heart Association.
Not Satisfactory
The broadcast does not provide a quantitative estimate of the benefits. Doing so is challenging. Research suggests that high calcium scores are associated with increased risk of heart attacks. But “No study has definitively demonstrated that screening with EBCT [electron beam or “ultrafast” CT] improves outcomes by reducing mortality or morbidity from [coronary artery disease],” according to the American Heart Association. (Circulation. 2006;114(16):1761-91)
Moreover, the broadcast suggests that even people with one risk factor could benefit from this test. (“They need to hear about this.”) This contrasts with recommendations from the American Heart Association, which does not recommend testing in people at low risk (or very high risk). They say that people considering a calcium test should go first to the Framingham Risk Calculator (FRS). If their 10-year risk is >10%, research shows calcium scanning is futile. (JAMA 2004;291:210-15.)
"Unselected screening is of limited clinical value in patients who are at low risk for CHD events," acording to an AHA expert consensus statement. "The accumulating evidence suggests that asymptomatic individuals with an intermediate FRS may be reasonable candidates for [coronary heart disease] testing using [coronary artery calcium scoring] as a potential means of modifying risk prediction and altering therapy." (Circulation 2007;115;402-426)
Not Satisfactory
False-positives with this technology are legion, and hinting otherwise (“so this could be the key”) is misleading. False-positives lead to additional legions of invasive and potentially harmful (and expensive) tests and procedures. False negatives are few, but they merit mention nonetheless. Tests “dictate downstream testing, treatments, and costs,” notes the AHA statement.
An AHA Science Advisory on ionizing radiation in cardiac imaging advises against routine screening. "Routine surveillance radionuclide stress tests or cardiac CTs in asymptomatic patients at low risk for ischemic heart disease are not recommended."
The expert panel notes that coronary CT scans increases by a small amount (0.05%) the likelihood that a person will die of a cancer associated with the radiation. "This 0.05% increase in risk is added to the 21% background risk for the US population." The panel says that clinicians should attempt to use "other options for answering the clinical question at hand by means that do not use ionizing radiation or choosing the type of study that exposes the patient to the lowest amount of radiation."
Young women are particularly vulnerable to radiation exposure because it increases their risk for future breast cancer.
Not Satisfactory
The broadcast does not describe the quality of evidence to support the use of ultrafast CT scans. (See also “Quantification of Benefits” below.)
Not Satisfactory
The broadcast teaches people to fear calcium in their arteries. Although there is good evidence that shows an association between calcium scores and cardiovascular problems, the broadcast fails to point out that the test hasn’t been proven to reduce death or heart attacks from heart disease. (See also “Quantification of Benefits” below.)
Not Satisfactory
The broadcast relies on anecdotal reports of two patients and one physician-correspondent. An “n” of 2 is bad science and inadequate reporting.
Not Satisfactory
The broadcast mentions none. But the ultrafast CT scan is just “one of may contenders in a crowded field of CAD [coronary artery disease] risk-assessment tools,” according to the AHA. Alternative tests include the electrocardiographic (ECG) exercise or stress test, which does not require radiation exposure.
Not Satisfactory
The broadcast does not mention the availability of ultrafast CT scans, a test used to measure the amount of calcium in arteries. These tests are also known as electron beam CT or EBCT.
Not Satisfactory
“This is a new test, well not, not new in the world, but new to a lot of us,” Dr. Marie Savard opens the broadcast. The test has been around a while. The network’s Dr. Tim Johnson did a piece on ultrafast CT scans for 20/20 in Jan, 2002.
Satisfactory
The broadcast does not appear to rely solely or largely on a news release.
Total Score: 1 of 10 Satisfactory
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